Which ethical theory focuses on rules and principles?

• A. Consequentialism
• B. Formalism
• C. Virtue Ethics
• D. Intuitionism

Answer: (B)

This question tests how ethical theories treat rules and universal duties. Formalism is the approach that centers on following established rules and principles when judging actions. In this view, what makes an action right is that it conforms to a binding rule or moral principle, regardless of what the outcome might be. So, for example, telling the truth or keeping promises is right because these are duties that should hold universally, even if lying or breaking a promise could seem to produce a better result in a specific situation.

This emphasis on the form of the action—whether it aligns with a rule—distinguishes Formalism from other theories. Consequentialism judges rightness by the outcomes of actions, not by rule-following. Virtue Ethics focuses on the character and virtues of the person performing the action. Intuitionism relies on moral truths that are known through moral intuition. Therefore, focusing on rules and universal principles makes Formalism the best fit for this question.