Which ethical theory emphasizes adherence to universal moral rules regardless of consequences?

• A. Intuitionism
• B. Consequentialism
• C. Formalism
• D. Virtue Ethics

Answer: (C)

This question tests a rule-based, universalist approach to ethics: actions are judged by whether they follow universal rules, not by the outcomes they produce. Formalism holds that there are duties or moral laws that apply to everyone in all similar situations, and right action is determined by conformity to those rules.

In this view, the right action is one that aligns with a rule that could be consistently universalized—applied to everyone without contradiction. For example, if there is a universal rule against lying, then lying would be wrong in all cases, even if telling a lie might bring a better result in a particular instance. The focus is on the intrinsic binding force of the rule itself, not on the consequences that follow.

Intuitionism would base right action on moral intuitions we have about a situation. Consequentialism judges rightness by the outcomes. Virtue Ethics looks to the character and virtues we should cultivate. None of these centers on universal rules guiding every decision regardless of consequences the way Formalism does.