Which ethical principle requires keeping patient information confidential?

• A. Autonomy
• B. Beneficence
• C. Justice
• D. Confidentiality

Answer: (D)

Protecting patient privacy by keeping information confidential is the ethical obligation that governs medical information. Confidentiality means that what a patient tells a clinician and the details of their records are shared only with people who need to know and only with the patient’s consent or as required by law. This principle builds trust in the patient–clinician relationship and helps prevent harm from improper disclosure.

Autonomy is about the patient’s right to decide what happens to their own information, including whether it is shared, but it isn’t the duty to keep information private itself. Beneficence focuses on acting for the patient’s best interests, and justice concerns fairness and equal treatment. Each plays a crucial role in care, but confidentiality specifically addresses privacy and disclosure of information. Keeping information confidential also supports accurate communication and compliance with privacy laws that protect patient data.